This chapter focuses on aspects of the music-language relation which are amenable to empirical study, emphasizing perceptual processes. We assume that the mental domain of "music" is not an indivisible whole, but rather a confluence of interacting cognitive processes. In keeping with this view, each section of the chapter treats a selected aspect of musical structure, reviewing evidence which suggests whether this aspect engages domain-specific processes or processes which might be shared with language. The topics addressed are auditory scene analysis, melody (melodic contour, discrete pitch categories, and tonality), rhythm (tempo, grouping, and meter), and song. Data from neuropsychology play a prominent role in this review. The evidence suggests that "music" and "language" are not independent mental faculties, but labels for complex sets of processes, some of which are shared and some of which are different.